"History of TV in the UK and abroad"

Television over the years has improved a lot, from the colour to the quality of the television. The analogue TV in the UK have channels 1 to 5. BBC 1, BBC 2, ITV 1, Channel 4 and Channel 5. 


Broadcasting Systems


The broadcasting systems consists of three different systems, PAL, SECAM and NTSC. When colour television was being introduced around Europe PAL and SECAM were created, this was after the 1950s. Before this NTSC had been introduced into America and Asia in 1941 and then introduced in colour in 1953. SECAM was the first to introduce colour television in Europe, and used a different way of transmitting colour to NTSC. However PAL being the standard for the UK improved the original NTSC method to transmit colour television. 


PAL stands for Phase Alternation Line. This is the UK stand in much of Europe, including United Kingdom. This is made up of 25 frames per second and it has 625 lines. 576 of the lines are used to show the picture.  

NTSC stands for National Television System Committee. This is the TV standard in the US. This is made up of 29.97 frames per second and 525 lines. 480 of the lines are used to show the picture. 

SECAM stands for Sequential Color with Memory. This is a French system that is very similar to PAL, however it sends colour signals separately.

"Have online videos lowered the standard of television production?"

There are some programs today which rely on footage that has been recorded from home, either on a mobile or video camera. This is not top quality footage but programs use it for the comedy which viewers will take an interest in.

For example programs such as "You've Been Framed" or "Rude Tube". They both consist of footage that has been recorded and sent in by people at home and approved to be shown on television for laughter of the viewers. This is not top quality and well staged productions as not a lot of organisation is needed. The only staged parts of these programs are the introduction of the program and cutting back to the studio in between clips to make a joke about the clip. This shows that a large crew isn't needed, nor is a studio needed as this could easily be recorded in the home of someone's, to show there enjoyment of the show too.  Also, other programs such as "Harry Hills, TV Burps" consists of footage from television to add a joke along side it. This footage could be taken of On Demand channels to show on their program. This doesn't need a lot of rehearsals as it is pretty much laid out in front of them what is being shown on the program.



These clips that are being added to the programs such as rude tube are not top quality but viewers still seem to be watching it, this shows that quality of the show doesn't seem to bother them, as long as its entertaining them. Although the digital world is improving everyday and now a lot of television is in HD, viewers still seem to be picking the low standard video recordings. This lowers the amount of crew and talent needed for a production as it is already produced for them and replacing large productions which spent more time developing their program.

"How has the digital world change the way we consume and create TV?"

Digital TV to the Viewers



Since the development of the digital world, the amount of different channels there is for the viewers has risen by a big percentage. There is a wide range of channels for the viewers now than many years before. Also analogue channels have risen to five which gives people who still have an analogue TV a wider range of channels than the couple they had before the development. 

Examples of ways the digital channels were introduced were through satellite TV such as Sky and Cable TV such as Virgin and BT vision. Viewers who changed from analogue TV to Digital TV went from only having five channels to a wide range of nearly eight hundred channels. Television was now broken down into categories such as documentary, sport, music, news, children, radio and many more genre categories. This made TV more enjoyable for viewers as they could easily find what they felt like watching. Also, some of the five TV channels that were available on analogue TV have developed and made other channels for their channel, such as BBC 1 now has BBC 2 BBC 3 est. and ITV has developed channels such as ITV 2 and ITV 2 + 1. This shows over the years that not only have channels risen rapidly that channels are developing.

        

            



Digital cameras over Film/Video cameras


There are many advantages to using digital cameras instead of film cameras. Digital cameras have much more advantages than film cameras to getting a better shot of what they need.





Digital camera let you upload photos you have taken on your camera onto a computer by a simple lead that comes with the camera or by using a memory card which a camera holds. This is a big advantage as it lets you upload photos on to blogs, social networks and other websites by a simple click of a button without any development. Also, uploading them onto your computer allows you to look at the photos before paying for them to be developed professionally. However film cameras can be a long process, as well as not being certain on what the photo looks like, you have to develop the film, this can be done within some photo shops which you have to pay for or can be done in your own dark room. It can be a long process as the film needs to be developed onto photographic paper then mixed in developing inks. This is a much longer process than the simple uploading onto a computer done by a digital camera. Also, on digital cameras there is a little screen with allows you to view the photo you have taken immediately so you know whether the photo needs to be taken again, however on film cameras you cannot see what you have taken until it is developed so this could end in being a waste of money if the photo is not what they wanted. 


Also, other advantages of using a digital camera is that if you wanted to record something, you can use the digital camera, as they have many different options of how you want to use your camera. So a simple change of settings and you can record what you like. Whereas you would have to take a video camera out as well as a film camera if you were changing between  the either of them. On digital cameras you can set the scene up, for example, if it will be a night shot, a close up, or beach scene, you can change the setting so nothing is lost in the shot due to brighten or darkness.  Also an advantage of uploading the photos onto your computer from a digital camera is that you are guaranteed a copy of the photo somewhere else as well as on the memory on your camera so you will not loose any photos, where as when developing the photos from a film camera is you only have the negatives which could easily be lost.


Editing in the Digital World


Editing is a big advantage to companies when producing a TV program. This allows them to record a wide range of shots then edit them together in post production to make their program look the best. This also allows them to cut out any mistakes and make sure the program runs smoothly together so there is no mistakes. Within editing you can also add you own effects. For example in a comedy program if funny sounds are being used and music is being added you can do this all in post production and add it where ever you need it. All special effects can be added during the editing of the program, other effects are brightness, contrast, airbrushing and sound effects. All this allows them to twig all the mistakes and add all the effects needed to make the program they are producing perfect and ready for showing.

Photography Book

Photography is the process, activity, and art of creating still or moving pictures by recording radition on a sensitive medium, such as a photographic film or an electronic sensor.

Photo Genres
There are a range of genres in photography. I have listed some below and done some examples of what they are.

• Aerial
• Black and white
• Commercial
• Documentary
• Fashion
• Fine art
• Forensic
• Glamour
• High speed
• Illustration
• Landscape
• Nature
• Paparazzi
• Photo journalism
• Portrait
• Still life
• Stock
• Underwater
• Wedding

Camera: A device that records images, either as a still photograph or as a moving image know as videos or movies.

Shutter: In photography, a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time, for the purpose of exposing photographic film.

Aperture: In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. In photography this can be measured in increments.

Camera Lens:The part of the camera the light from the subject and brings it to a focus on the film or detector.

Exposure Control: The size of the aperture and the brightness of the scene controls the amount of light that enters the camera during a period of time, and the shutter controls the length of time that the light hits the recording surface.

Pinhole Photography
What you will need to make a pinhole camera:

• A lightproof container
• Some black card/black paint
• Tin foil
• Tape
• A pin
• Photographic paper

These are two examples of pinhole cameras. These are both the design of a camera but you can make anything into a pinhole camera as long as all the steps are followed to make one.

Darkroom Rules

• No eating and drinking
• No running or fooling around
• No coats or bags on the floor
• Dry hands before using electrics
• Use tongs to handle paper
• Dont mix the wet and dry side of the darkroom

Studio Rules

• No drinking or eating
• No running or fooling around
• No coats or bags on the floor
• Beware of cables on the floor
• The flash heads can get hot - handle them with care
• Dont look straight into the flash heads
• Be careful when using the paper background system
• Handle all equipment with care

Pinhole Camera Project - ED1

To start my Pinhole Camera Project we had to bring in a box of some sort to produce our cameras. I brought in a round cardboard tube. We then had to cut in a little box with a carve knife to turn the tube into a camera body, ready to place the foil on top for the lens. Then I had to paint the inside of the box in black paint so no light would reflect of the inside during my exposure and ruin the photo. I got a square piece of foil and had to stick it on top of our square cut out for the lens, ready to put the pinhole in. We used daffa tape to stick this safely down on our cameras. We also used daffa tape to seal any other part of our camera where light was getting through. I had to seal the end of my tube with daffa tape as the lids were white and light was still getting through, doing this blacked out all the light coming through. We then put the pinhole in the foil to create the aperture where the light would get through to create the picture. The diameter of the pinhole was 0.8mm, and the length from the pinhole to the back of my tube was 78mm. I then had to work out the F-stop.

F-stop = pinhole to paper (mm)         F-stop = 78           F-stop = 97.5
                    Diameter (mm)                             0.8

My F-stop worked out to be 97.5 which worked out the exposure to being 4 minutes inside and 20 seconds outside. To create the shutter of the camera we put a black piece of cardboard over the pinhole so no light would be getting in till we were ready to take the photo. We then had to go into the dark room to put the photographic paper into my camera, we then sealed our camera's up ready to go outside to take our photos.

First shot we took indoors but this didn’t turn out right due to the little black room light not working and ruining the paper so it came out all black. The second shot I took outside on the bench outside the college, I left it for 20 seconds then closed the shutter, ready to take to the dark room to develop.

During development, I had to go inside the dark room to be able to get my photographic paper out of the box because if I was to do this outside of the dark room the paper would absorb all the light and my picture would turn out all black. I had to get my photographic paper out of my camera and place it firstly in the developer for a minute and a half. During this progress you would see the picture developing. Secondly we had to place it in the stop for 30 seconds. Thirdly we put it into the fix for 5 minutes. Lastly we washed it around in the water to wash off all the other chemicals. Our photo was now safe to leave the dark room and put into our photography books.

Once our photos were done and dry we had to scan them on the scanner and send them through email to our college email. We set the format to jpeg and sent to our self. Once our email had received them we had to open them up on Adobe Photoshop and use the Rectangular Marquee Tool to copy what part of the A4 piece we wanted and opened a new sheet and pasted it on there. We could also use the flat bed scanner to scan our images on to our computers. Doing this you had to put your photo into the scanner then go on to 'Adobe Photoshop' and go to file import then your photo would scan straight on to the program and you can start with your editing. During editing you had to change the negative images to positive. We had to go onto Image, Adjustments, and Invert to do this. This then changed the image to a normal photo and was clearer to work out what the photo was.

This is one example of my work from a lower angle of the path. This had an exposure of 20 seconds. This photo was my best one. I like how it is very detailed and how the photo is set out. It was also not too sunny outside so the exposure time was right for the outcome.

This is another example of my work. This had an exposure of 4 minutes, I think that was too long as the negative photo is too dark so the light was exposed to the paper for too long. To improve this photo I would have to shorten the exposure time.

This photo I scanned onto the computer with the flat bed scanner. It was quick but the big scanner was easier as you don't have to change computers, you can just send straight to your college email.

This photo was taken in the Atrium, it had an exposure time of 4 minutes. During my exposure time the camera moved slightly so in this photo it is quite blurred. This effect could give a spooky look like the college is haunted.

Evaluation

In my evaluation, I am going to outline and explain what I have learnt in this project, how I can develop what I’ve done and how this is going to help me in the future.

During the project of pinhole camera, I have built up many skills. I have learnt how to make a pinhole camera and how the whole process works. I also used the dark room and studio for the first time so I learnt the rules of both rooms, how they work and what needs to be done where during the process of photography. I also learnt many features to the cameras e.g. aperture, shutter, lens. I learnt how to work out the exposure time for our pinhole cameras e.g. lens to paper back divided by the diameter of the pinhole and why this is important as if the exposure time is too long or short the photos will turn out too light or too dark. To develop our photos we had to use three different chemicals, firstly developer, then stop, then fix and then washing the chemicals off in water. We also got to grips with a new program called ‘Adobe Photoshop’; we used this to edit our pinhole photos. We learnt how to use some of the editing keys to make our photo look different but better. 

I would do this project again as I enjoyed taking the photos and seeing how they came out. If I was to do this project again, I would know roughly how each process work so I would be able to complete the task quicker. Also doing this project again, I would build up more skills and know how to use some different tools by trying different keys. If I was to make another pinhole camera I would use a different type or shape of box so I have a different shape photograph. 

From doing this project I can now reflect on how each process works and will help me develop my skills and be able to complete this task quicker and with ease next time. Also, doing this small task will help me with other bigger projects on photography as these are just basic skills to get to grips with the whole process so this has gave me an outline of what photography includes. If I was to do this again, what I would do different is the exposure time period, I would work more carefully on being on the exact time so the photo came out at its best. I would also try out more editing processes to make my photo look different instead of all my photos being black and white. I would change the brightness, contrast and colour.